1 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:10,400 In the spring of 1814, Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, 2 00:00:10,400 --> 00:00:12,920 lost his empire and his throne. 3 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:18,160 Now Europe's most powerful men arrived in Vienna 4 00:00:18,160 --> 00:00:20,600 for the ultimate summit meeting, 5 00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:25,000 to rebuild the Europe that Napoleon had almost destroyed. 6 00:00:27,600 --> 00:00:31,040 But the Congress of Vienna wasn't all diplomacy. 7 00:00:31,040 --> 00:00:34,880 It turned into the biggest party the continent had ever seen... 8 00:00:37,160 --> 00:00:39,080 ..hosted by the family 9 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:42,520 that had dominated middle Europe for centuries - 10 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:44,360 the Habsburgs. 11 00:00:44,360 --> 00:00:49,200 Five years after Napoleon and the French had captured Vienna, 12 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:53,760 the city was at its height. We follow it from apogee to decline. 13 00:00:55,640 --> 00:00:59,560 From the beauty and self obsession of Empress Sisi 14 00:00:59,560 --> 00:01:03,200 to the suicide pact of Crown Prince Rudolf. 15 00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:06,720 To the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. 16 00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:10,640 I'll follow the Habsburgs to the downfall of the dynasty. 17 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:17,360 In this final chapter in the story of Vienna I'll also discover how 18 00:01:17,360 --> 00:01:22,440 imperial city became the capital of ideas. 19 00:01:22,440 --> 00:01:27,680 From Klimt's exploration of our sexuality to Freud's voyage into our 20 00:01:27,680 --> 00:01:31,320 minds, to the angry young artist who hated them both. 21 00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:36,680 Vienna shaped the modern age for both good and evil. 22 00:01:38,360 --> 00:01:43,400 These are the streets walked by Hitler and Stalin, who, 23 00:01:43,400 --> 00:01:46,920 30 years later, tossed Vienna between them 24 00:01:46,920 --> 00:01:50,640 in history's greatest war of annihilation. 25 00:01:52,920 --> 00:01:57,880 A city of death and tragedy that change lives, among them, 26 00:01:57,880 --> 00:01:58,960 my own family. 27 00:02:00,120 --> 00:02:03,120 Vienna became the academy of civilisation. 28 00:02:04,840 --> 00:02:08,560 But it was also the battlefield of extremes, 29 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:14,240 of monarchy versus revolution, of communism versus fascism, 30 00:02:14,240 --> 00:02:18,920 and of pious formality against wild decadence. 31 00:02:18,920 --> 00:02:22,560 And it all happened here, here in Vienna. 32 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:23,960 The world's city. 33 00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:45,920 Autumn, 1814. 34 00:02:45,920 --> 00:02:49,720 France was vanquished and after ruling most of Europe, 35 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:55,120 Napoleon was in exile, emperor of the tiny island of Elba. 36 00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:01,000 Now that Napoleon was defeated, all the great men of Europe, 37 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:03,720 and the great women, in fact, descended on Vienna. 38 00:03:07,480 --> 00:03:12,560 Emperor Francis invited them all to the ultimate summit meeting, 39 00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:14,960 and wildly decadent junket, 40 00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:19,240 in order to put Europe together again after 20 years of 41 00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:24,160 destructive wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France. 42 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:27,760 Francis was the host but he wasn't really in charge. 43 00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:33,080 The man who was in charge was Prince Klemens von Metternich. 44 00:03:33,080 --> 00:03:36,760 He was vain, he was boastful, he was playful. 45 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:41,240 He also had a clear and brilliant vision of how to run Austria 46 00:03:41,240 --> 00:03:44,880 and how to position it and how to rule Europe. 47 00:03:50,120 --> 00:03:53,320 This is the Austrian Chancellery and Prince Metternich 48 00:03:53,320 --> 00:03:56,800 lived and worked here, and ruled Vienna from here, 49 00:03:56,800 --> 00:03:59,080 and all of Austria, for 30 years. 50 00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:00,840 His bedroom is right above us here. 51 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:08,560 This grand meeting room was the nerve centre of European political 52 00:04:08,560 --> 00:04:11,880 activity during the Congress of Vienna. 53 00:04:11,880 --> 00:04:16,400 As Europe's self appointed puppet master Metternich would be the chief 54 00:04:16,400 --> 00:04:20,600 arbiter of the new continental system, 55 00:04:20,600 --> 00:04:23,400 and Habsburg Vienna would be its capital. 56 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:25,240 But as well as redesigning Europe, 57 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:27,240 Metternich and the Emperor relaunched the 58 00:04:27,240 --> 00:04:29,320 very look of Vienna itself. 59 00:04:30,400 --> 00:04:34,600 I've come to see some of the richly embroidered costumes worn by the 60 00:04:34,600 --> 00:04:36,840 dignitaries at the Congress. 61 00:04:36,840 --> 00:04:41,360 Dr Monica Kurzel-Runtscheiner is going to tell me how they reveal the 62 00:04:41,360 --> 00:04:43,080 tawdry state of Vienna. 63 00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:48,040 One of the problems the Emperor faced 64 00:04:48,040 --> 00:04:50,240 when he decided to make the Congress in Vienna 65 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:53,520 was that his population was completely impoverished after the 66 00:04:53,520 --> 00:04:57,520 years of war, so he feared that he would organise all these glamorous 67 00:04:57,520 --> 00:04:59,920 parties and his court wouldn't come, 68 00:04:59,920 --> 00:05:02,360 because they didn't know how to dress. 69 00:05:02,360 --> 00:05:06,680 So he decided to give all his dignitaries these beautiful civil 70 00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:11,800 uniforms, so the richness of the gold embroidery is always 71 00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:13,400 a symbol of rank. 72 00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:17,200 And this is easily to recognise this is one of the most important men 73 00:05:17,200 --> 00:05:21,080 in the Empire, wearing this, like a Lord Chamberlain, for instance. 74 00:05:21,080 --> 00:05:23,360 And red is a very important colour, 75 00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:28,440 so red was reserved for the nobility and the children's uniform 76 00:05:28,440 --> 00:05:31,480 also in red because this is the uniform of a page. 77 00:05:31,480 --> 00:05:34,880 The pages were young members of the Austrian nobility and they made 78 00:05:34,880 --> 00:05:36,920 services at the Congress as well. 79 00:05:40,720 --> 00:05:45,280 These extravagant costumes really mattered in an age when the pomp of 80 00:05:45,280 --> 00:05:47,960 power was the expression of its plenitude. 81 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:53,360 Francis and Metternich were using bling to promote the dynasty. 82 00:05:55,280 --> 00:05:59,760 Of all the VIPs who attended Europe's greatest summit, 83 00:05:59,760 --> 00:06:03,880 its biggest star was Tsar Alexander I of Russia. 84 00:06:03,880 --> 00:06:05,720 The true liberator of Europe, 85 00:06:05,720 --> 00:06:09,200 he and his army had fought all the way from Moscow to Paris 86 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:11,320 to destroy Napoleon. 87 00:06:11,320 --> 00:06:16,720 Now Alexander wanted Russia, not Austria, to be the dominant power. 88 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:19,280 And only one thing stood in their way - 89 00:06:19,280 --> 00:06:22,160 Metternich and the House of Habsburg. 90 00:06:31,360 --> 00:06:35,440 "All politics," said the French Prime Minister 91 00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:38,680 at the Congress of Vienna, "Is women." 92 00:06:38,680 --> 00:06:41,360 And the struggle between Austria and Russia, 93 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:43,840 Metternich versus Tsar Alexander, 94 00:06:43,840 --> 00:06:47,440 was played out not only in the corridors of power, 95 00:06:47,440 --> 00:06:49,640 but also in the bedrooms 96 00:06:49,640 --> 00:06:54,160 of two extraordinary aristocratic mega-vamps, 97 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,400 and it happened that they lived at the top of the same staircase. 98 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:07,360 In one apartment was Princess Katya Bagration, 99 00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:11,560 beautiful and promiscuous, she had been Metternich's mistress, 100 00:07:11,560 --> 00:07:13,800 now she was the Tsar's. 101 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:17,680 She was known as the Naked Angel for her see-through dresses. 102 00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:23,040 In another apartment was Wilhemine, Duchesse de Sagan, 103 00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:27,000 a highly intelligent formidable semi-royal heiress. 104 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:30,040 Metternich was passionately in love with her. 105 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:34,360 But she took other lovers and her infidelities drove him mad. 106 00:07:34,360 --> 00:07:40,000 Each day Tsar Alexander visited Katya, and Metternich visited Sagan. 107 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:45,840 But there was a problem. Their apartments were on the same landing. 108 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:55,160 One day, Tsar Alexander decided to hit Metternich where it would hurt. 109 00:07:55,160 --> 00:07:59,720 That day, instead of turning right to visit Princess Katya, 110 00:07:59,720 --> 00:08:03,320 he turned left, to visit Duchess Wilhelmine. 111 00:08:03,320 --> 00:08:07,120 The police agents reported to Metternich 112 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:11,360 that the Tsar spent many hours with the Duchess. 113 00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:13,960 Vienna was fascinated. 114 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:17,240 Metternich was distraught and infuriated. 115 00:08:17,240 --> 00:08:20,640 He even talked of challenging the Tsar to a duel. 116 00:08:20,640 --> 00:08:24,280 Instead he sobbed that his desk in the Chancellery. 117 00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:31,280 They could swap mistresses and carve up kingdoms but in the end they had 118 00:08:31,280 --> 00:08:34,320 to compromise and run Europe together. 119 00:08:43,280 --> 00:08:47,680 Nine months of political rivalry and social intrigue nearly ripped the 120 00:08:47,680 --> 00:08:51,520 Congress but finally the treaty was ready to sign. 121 00:08:52,720 --> 00:08:57,520 I'm sitting in the chair of the Chancellor of Austria and this was, 122 00:08:57,520 --> 00:09:00,240 and is, his Cabinet Office. 123 00:09:00,240 --> 00:09:03,320 In June 1815, in this building, 124 00:09:03,320 --> 00:09:06,800 the Congress of Vienna Treaty was finally signed. 125 00:09:09,240 --> 00:09:14,360 The map of Europe had been redrawn, legitimate power, Austrian power, 126 00:09:14,360 --> 00:09:19,080 has been restored in Germany, in the Balkans, in Italy, in Hungary. 127 00:09:20,560 --> 00:09:23,040 More than that, from now on, 128 00:09:23,040 --> 00:09:27,160 Metternich and his so-called Concert of Great Powers, 129 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:30,440 a sort of early version of the UN Security Council, 130 00:09:30,440 --> 00:09:32,440 decided everything in Europe. 131 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:37,560 Nicknamed the Coachman of Europe, 132 00:09:37,560 --> 00:09:42,560 Metternich manipulated the continent through a series of mini congresses, 133 00:09:42,560 --> 00:09:45,120 crushing revolution wherever it reared its head. 134 00:09:47,360 --> 00:09:50,920 At home he presided over the dreary stability 135 00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:53,400 enforced by his secret police. 136 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:55,360 Shunning coffee-house politics, 137 00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:59,000 the Viennese turned inwards and retreated into the dull 138 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:01,320 and safe privacy of their own homes. 139 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:07,680 The Viennese drank, ate and danced away the Metternich years. 140 00:10:09,680 --> 00:10:14,680 The calm stability and mildly repressive conservatism of Prince 141 00:10:14,680 --> 00:10:19,880 Metternich's rule, characterised by the regular and reassuring 142 00:10:19,880 --> 00:10:25,360 waltzes of Johann Strauss and his family of composers, 143 00:10:25,360 --> 00:10:32,280 couldn't contain the forces of the age, nationalism and liberalism, 144 00:10:32,280 --> 00:10:36,440 and soon it was clear that they were seething dangerously 145 00:10:36,440 --> 00:10:38,440 just beneath the surface. 146 00:10:41,240 --> 00:10:46,960 In 1855, Emperor Francis died and he was succeeded by his eldest son, 147 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:51,480 Ferdinand, who unfortunately suffered from a speech impediment, 148 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:55,040 epilepsy and water on the brain. 149 00:10:55,040 --> 00:11:00,000 Metternich remained in charge but now the sovereign was ailing, 150 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:04,120 the minister was geriatric, the regime was sclerotic. 151 00:11:04,120 --> 00:11:06,600 It was all ripe for revolution. 152 00:11:14,280 --> 00:11:19,800 Across Europe, students and radicals seethed with exciting liberal ideas 153 00:11:19,800 --> 00:11:23,120 to destroy Metternich's absolutist regime. 154 00:11:23,120 --> 00:11:27,840 In Vienna, while the old danced, the young dreamed and plotted. 155 00:11:31,640 --> 00:11:37,880 In February 1848 revolutions broke out in Italy, then in Paris, 156 00:11:37,880 --> 00:11:40,360 and then they spread to Vienna. 157 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:42,320 The Habsburgs panicked. 158 00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:46,160 They needed a scapegoat and they blamed Prince Metternich. 159 00:11:48,680 --> 00:11:51,720 After almost 40 years in power, 160 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:55,400 Metternich was forced to resign and fled Vienna. 161 00:12:00,440 --> 00:12:03,920 In October, events took a violent turn. 162 00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:05,960 After the shooting of some demonstrators, 163 00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,000 the revolutionaries demanded revenge. 164 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:11,760 The Minister of War was lynched. 165 00:12:11,760 --> 00:12:14,440 The mob strung him up from a lamppost. 166 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:22,080 The following dawn, 167 00:12:22,080 --> 00:12:25,400 a fleet of imperial black carriages emerged from 168 00:12:25,400 --> 00:12:28,400 Habsburgs' main residence, the Hofburg Palace. 169 00:12:29,560 --> 00:12:30,920 The mob let them pass. 170 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:33,360 They fled the capital. 171 00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:39,680 As soon as the Habsburgs were away from revolution-stricken Vienna, 172 00:12:39,680 --> 00:12:43,120 they got their courage back and they planned their revenge. 173 00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:46,560 They ordered their army to take Vienna back. 174 00:12:46,560 --> 00:12:51,200 And on the 28th of October, a huge Habsburg army, 175 00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:55,640 fortified by Croatian and Montenegrins from the Balkans, 176 00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:59,280 attacked the city. First they bombarded it for several hours, 177 00:12:59,280 --> 00:13:03,400 and then, street by street, barricade by barricade, 178 00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:05,480 they fought their way in. 179 00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:08,680 The Croatians and Montenegrins burst into people's houses, 180 00:13:08,680 --> 00:13:11,240 murdering and torturing and plundering. 181 00:13:11,240 --> 00:13:16,800 By the end of the day, Vienna was back in the fief of the Habsburgs. 182 00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:18,640 The revolution was over. 183 00:13:24,120 --> 00:13:28,640 But it had shaken the dynasty to its core and if it was to have a future, 184 00:13:28,640 --> 00:13:30,400 young blood was required. 185 00:13:33,520 --> 00:13:39,160 That future was the Emperor Ferdinand's nephew, Franz Joseph. 186 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:41,960 His mother, the Archduchess Sophie, 187 00:13:41,960 --> 00:13:45,200 described as the only man in the House of Habsburg, 188 00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,840 had dedicated her life to preparing young Franz for power. 189 00:13:50,240 --> 00:13:53,800 Now she schemed to replace Emperor Ferdinand with her son. 190 00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:01,800 In December, at a hastily arranged abdication ceremony, 191 00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,800 Ferdinand did go and into his place 192 00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:08,800 stepped the handsome 18-year-old Franz Joseph. 193 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:14,600 From the moment of his accession, 194 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:17,000 Franz Joseph always appeared in uniform. 195 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:21,360 He saw himself as the supreme warlord and autocrat, 196 00:14:21,360 --> 00:14:25,320 presiding with military might over a polyglot empire. 197 00:14:26,440 --> 00:14:30,320 But the empire had almost been torn apart by revolution. 198 00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:33,760 It had to be re-conquered, province by province. 199 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:37,680 This is the Radetzky March, 200 00:14:37,680 --> 00:14:42,360 that became the anthem of the re-conquest of the Habsburg Empire, 201 00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:46,840 named after Field Marshal Radetzky who retook Italy. 202 00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:49,480 But things weren't going well in Hungary. 203 00:14:49,480 --> 00:14:53,040 There the revolutionaries had defeated the Habsburg Empire. 204 00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:56,640 In desperation, the young Emperor Franz Joseph 205 00:14:56,640 --> 00:15:02,080 had to travel to Russia to kneel in front of Tsar Nicholas I, 206 00:15:02,080 --> 00:15:05,040 the arrogant Russian emperor who, more than anyone else, 207 00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:08,320 resembles our own President Putin of today. 208 00:15:08,320 --> 00:15:14,920 He begged him for help and the Tsar sent 200,000 men to retake Hungary. 209 00:15:14,920 --> 00:15:18,120 Franz Joseph never got over the humiliation. 210 00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:21,200 He never forgave the Romanov who'd saved him. 211 00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:25,600 But he got his revenge. 212 00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:31,560 In 1853, Britain and France launched a Crimean War against Russia. 213 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:35,560 Franz Joseph betrayed Nicholas and backed Britain and France, 214 00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:37,840 though he managed to keep out of the war. 215 00:15:37,840 --> 00:15:40,160 Facing defeat, Nicholas died, 216 00:15:40,160 --> 00:15:43,120 cursing Franz Joseph for his ingratitude. 217 00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:49,000 All the while, Franz Joseph's hold on his unruly empire was weakening. 218 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:53,200 To the west, the Italians loathed their Habsburg masters 219 00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:56,880 and in 1859 they rose again. 220 00:15:56,880 --> 00:15:59,800 The Italians had a big backer, 221 00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:06,040 France, now ruled by Napoleon III, nephew of the great Emperor. 222 00:16:06,040 --> 00:16:09,520 When Franz Joseph was provoked into declaring war, 223 00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:13,360 he found himself facing a modern French army, 224 00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:17,040 commanded by Napoleon III himself. 225 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:19,520 Fancying himself as a military autocrat, 226 00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:23,200 Franz Joseph insisted on taking command himself. 227 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:24,680 It was a disaster. 228 00:16:24,680 --> 00:16:26,120 The Austrians were defeated. 229 00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:27,560 Italy was lost. 230 00:16:27,560 --> 00:16:30,800 And Franz Joseph never took command again. 231 00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:40,120 Defeat destroyed Franz Joseph's dream of being a military autocrat. 232 00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:43,760 Austria was now exposed, especially in Germany. 233 00:16:45,520 --> 00:16:48,520 For centuries the Habsburgs had dominated Germany, 234 00:16:48,520 --> 00:16:53,120 which was still made up of many small kingdoms and principalities. 235 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:56,000 But now he faced a rising power there, 236 00:16:56,000 --> 00:16:57,680 Prussia. 237 00:16:57,680 --> 00:17:00,800 And the new Prussian Prime Minister saw an opportunity. 238 00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:06,200 This is Franz Joseph's office at the Hofburg. 239 00:17:06,200 --> 00:17:09,760 And it was from here that he was unfortunate enough 240 00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:13,200 to face the supreme politician of his age - 241 00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:17,160 Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, 242 00:17:17,160 --> 00:17:22,520 who was determined to unify Germany under his own king. 243 00:17:22,520 --> 00:17:28,120 In 1866, he provoked Franz Joseph into war, 244 00:17:28,120 --> 00:17:31,280 and the Austrians were soundly defeated 245 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:33,680 at the Battle of Koniggratz. 246 00:17:33,680 --> 00:17:37,760 Within four years Bismarck had got his way. 247 00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:42,720 The king of Prussia became the Emperor of a new power, Germany. 248 00:17:42,720 --> 00:17:46,240 But, Bismarck was too clever to destroy Austria. 249 00:17:46,240 --> 00:17:50,280 Instead he made Franz Joseph into his ally. 250 00:17:50,280 --> 00:17:55,120 But from now on the Habsburgs were very much the junior partner. 251 00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:03,680 Franz Joseph had been defeated in Italy and in Germany, 252 00:18:03,680 --> 00:18:06,880 and now the Hungarians were threatening revolt again. 253 00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:12,480 The Emperor's family proved as difficult to rule as his empire. 254 00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:15,480 The problems went back to his marriage in 1854, 255 00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:17,440 which started like a fairy tale. 256 00:18:19,240 --> 00:18:22,600 Franz Joseph was the most eligible bachelor in Europe 257 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,760 and his domineering mother, Archduchess Sophie, 258 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:28,080 decided he had to marry and soon. 259 00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:31,280 She herself was a Bavarian princess, 260 00:18:31,280 --> 00:18:37,000 and so now she introduced him to two sisters from her own Bavarian royal 261 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:41,040 family. He was meant to like the older sister, 262 00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:44,720 but in fact he fell immediately in love with the younger one. 263 00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:47,720 She was 15. Her name was Elizabeth. 264 00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:50,040 But everyone called her Sisi. 265 00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:56,400 Within two days of meeting, they were engaged. 266 00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,680 The following year, in 1854, they were married. 267 00:19:00,680 --> 00:19:03,520 The whole of Europe was captivated. 268 00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:19,880 This is the marital bed chamber of Franz Joseph and Empress Sisi. 269 00:19:19,880 --> 00:19:22,280 This is where he brought her in 1854. 270 00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:26,920 It has just been redecorated to be exactly as it was then. 271 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:31,160 And one can feel the stuffiness and the formality that she found so 272 00:19:31,160 --> 00:19:32,200 difficult to bear. 273 00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:37,400 These two portraits tell you pretty much all you need to know about them 274 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:43,000 at this stage. Franz Joseph is dutiful, plodding, dull, 275 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,000 and lives for duty, Catholicism and the monarchy. 276 00:19:48,120 --> 00:19:53,160 She's wild, beautiful, fascinating and self-obsessed. 277 00:19:53,160 --> 00:19:56,040 She grows her hair all the way down to her waist, 278 00:19:56,040 --> 00:19:57,800 and pleases only herself. 279 00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:01,680 But she did have to deal with her mother-in-law, 280 00:20:01,680 --> 00:20:05,400 the domineering and ever-interfering Archduchess Sophie, 281 00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:08,000 who really was the royal mother-in-law 282 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,320 from Imperial Habsburg hell. 283 00:20:14,040 --> 00:20:18,960 Sisi gave birth to a daughter, Gisela, and then a son, the heir, 284 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:21,960 Crown Prince Rudolf, seen here sitting on her lap. 285 00:20:24,280 --> 00:20:27,400 Sisi's mother-in-law, Sophie, on the right, 286 00:20:27,400 --> 00:20:30,720 forbade Sisi from raising her children. 287 00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:32,640 She said she was too immature. 288 00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:34,480 Sophie took charge instead. 289 00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:38,320 Feeling her life was no longer her own, 290 00:20:38,320 --> 00:20:42,800 Sisi then turned to the one thing could control, her body. 291 00:20:44,240 --> 00:20:47,920 Olivia Lichtscheidl has researched Sisi's life, 292 00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:51,520 and I'm meeting her at Sisi's dressing room at the Hofburg Palace, 293 00:20:51,520 --> 00:20:55,400 which, unusually for the time, was also her gym. 294 00:20:56,680 --> 00:21:00,760 So we are here in her dressing and gymnastic room. 295 00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:04,040 And she made exercises here to stay slim, 296 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:06,080 because she was famous for her figure. 297 00:21:06,080 --> 00:21:09,600 She was very tall, very slim, around her waist she had 51 centimetres. 298 00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:12,520 51 centimetres, that's amazing. 299 00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:15,800 It's really extreme. But Sisi was extreme in everything. 300 00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:19,280 So what kind of exercises did she do on this, on this machine? 301 00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:22,360 You must imagine that Sisi was completely dressed 302 00:21:22,360 --> 00:21:25,560 and finished with the hairstyle, with everything. 303 00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:28,600 And then she was hanging here and doing some exercises, 304 00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,920 taking her legs in front of her, moving them to the left, 305 00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:37,320 to the right, to make an exercise for her muscles for the abdomen. 306 00:21:37,320 --> 00:21:40,000 So what did the courtiers think when they came in here and found the 307 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:43,320 Empress hanging upside down with her dress on and her hair hanging down? 308 00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:45,120 They were shocked, they were really shocked. 309 00:21:45,120 --> 00:21:48,960 And you find lots of sentences in some diaries 310 00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:52,160 or something where people said, "Oh, my God, 311 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:54,760 "I didn't know how to behave when I came in 312 00:21:54,760 --> 00:21:56,880 "and she was doing exercises." 313 00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:59,240 Do you think she had physical love affairs 314 00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:01,440 during her marriage to Franz Joseph? 315 00:22:01,440 --> 00:22:04,320 I think not. I think she never had a love affair. 316 00:22:04,320 --> 00:22:07,560 I think that she was not interested really in sex, 317 00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:09,240 but only in her beauty. 318 00:22:09,240 --> 00:22:13,920 I would compare her to women who go to the gym everyday and want to be 319 00:22:13,920 --> 00:22:15,840 looked at, but not to be touched. 320 00:22:19,480 --> 00:22:21,440 Sisi didn't just her own shape, 321 00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:25,080 she also changed the shape of the state itself. 322 00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:28,040 She became a great champion of the Hungarians, 323 00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:32,080 especially through her close friendship with a dashing former 324 00:22:32,080 --> 00:22:35,240 revolutionary named Count Andrassy. 325 00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:40,280 He argued that the Hungarians must become equal partners with the 326 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:43,160 Austrians in the Empire. 327 00:22:43,160 --> 00:22:46,600 And only she could have persuaded Franz Joseph. 328 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:52,800 And in 1867 he created the new dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 329 00:22:57,160 --> 00:23:04,560 This new state was to be the 'K und K', the Kaiserlich und Koniglich, 330 00:23:04,560 --> 00:23:06,800 the Imperial and Royal monarchy. 331 00:23:07,760 --> 00:23:11,920 The Viennese called it by another name, the empire under notice. 332 00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:14,880 And the Emperor was under notice, too. 333 00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:18,120 Two decades after the 1848 revolution, 334 00:23:18,120 --> 00:23:21,600 he finally caved in to demands for a constitution 335 00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:23,880 and this, a new parliament. 336 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:27,800 In a startling declaration of innovation 337 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:29,880 and confidence in the future, 338 00:23:29,880 --> 00:23:34,400 Franz Joseph then tore down the old city walls which enclosed the 339 00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,600 inner city, and ordered the construction 340 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:40,120 of a magnificent new boulevard - 341 00:23:40,120 --> 00:23:42,000 the Ringstrasse. 342 00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:51,400 Sit on tram number one or two and you can see the dazzling, grand new 343 00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,080 buildings that were built along the Ringstrasse 344 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:55,640 at almost breakneck speed. 345 00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:00,480 The Rathaus, Vienna's new town hall. 346 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:04,280 The Opera House, the home of the world's greatest music, 347 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:06,640 played by the world's greatest orchestras. 348 00:24:07,880 --> 00:24:09,320 And the Burgtheater, 349 00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:13,000 where the Emperor was often seen alone in the Imperial box. 350 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:15,360 Although, it turned out, he had his reasons. 351 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:20,880 By now, Sisi had abandoned Franz Joseph. 352 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:24,680 Earlier, she had intervened to rescue Crown Prince Rudolf 353 00:24:24,680 --> 00:24:29,400 from a cruel tutor, but she then concentrated on herself, 354 00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:31,840 leading the sensitive boy to his own devices. 355 00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:38,000 She indulged in endless romantic travels, 356 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:40,480 but on her occasional visits home, 357 00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:44,000 Sisi did try to help her husband to find love. 358 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:49,120 The Emperor had had mistresses for decades but he craved companionship. 359 00:24:49,120 --> 00:24:52,840 It was at the Burgtheater that Sisi noticed its young star, 360 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:56,440 the beautiful but unhappily married Katharina Schratt. 361 00:24:56,440 --> 00:25:01,600 Katharina's biggest fan was the Emperor himself, Franz Joseph, 362 00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:03,280 who attended every performance. 363 00:25:04,520 --> 00:25:08,080 He was lonely, and his wife, the Empress Sisi, 364 00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:10,840 now took pity on the poor Emperor 365 00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:13,520 and tried to provide him with some companionship. 366 00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:17,880 She went to the theatre, she befriended Katharina, 367 00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:21,800 she invited her to the Hofburg, and she set up the couple. 368 00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:25,720 The affair started and lasted for almost 20 years. 369 00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:31,760 But you couldn't imagine more dysfunctional parents 370 00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:33,440 than the Imperial couple. 371 00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:36,040 The glacially detached Franz Joseph 372 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:38,800 and the narcissistic absentee Empress. 373 00:25:40,360 --> 00:25:44,320 No wonder their relationship with their son, Crown Prince Rudolf, 374 00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:45,400 became so troubled. 375 00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:51,560 I've come to Mayerling, just outside Vienna, 376 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:56,440 the fateful destination for this tormented, yet talented young man. 377 00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:03,440 As he grew up he became an avowed liberal, and he wrote articles for 378 00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:05,560 Jewish-owned newspapers. 379 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:09,760 His father was appalled by these liberal views, 380 00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:11,960 and by his private life. 381 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:15,040 He'd married a Belgian Princess and had a daughter, 382 00:26:15,040 --> 00:26:18,360 but the love of his life was a beautiful courtesan, 383 00:26:18,360 --> 00:26:24,080 and then he embarked on wildly priapic series of sexual escapades 384 00:26:24,080 --> 00:26:29,600 in which, finally, he contracted syphilis, which was then fatal. 385 00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:33,000 As he approached his 30th birthday, 386 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:38,520 he began to feel that both himself and the Empire were doomed. 387 00:26:43,360 --> 00:26:46,200 Then, in the autumn of 1888, 388 00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:52,240 Rudolf was introduced to the 17-year-old Baroness Mary Vetsera. 389 00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:54,400 She became infatuated with him. 390 00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:01,120 For months, Rudolf had been asking his many mistresses 391 00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:04,920 if they would die with him in a suicide pact. 392 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:09,960 All had said "Thanks, but no, thanks", until Mary. 393 00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:11,480 She agreed. 394 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:21,160 On the 27th of January 1889, 395 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:25,680 Crown Prince Rudolf saw his father, the Emperor, for the last time. 396 00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:27,440 He was very agitated. 397 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,760 The next day, a courtier collected the teenage girl, 398 00:27:30,760 --> 00:27:34,200 Baroness Mary Vetsera, from her mother's house, 399 00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:36,240 and brought her to Rudolf, 400 00:27:36,240 --> 00:27:39,960 and the two secretly travelled out to Mayerling, 401 00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:43,840 Rudolf's hunting lodge outside Vienna. 402 00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:48,000 On the night of the 29th, they talked in serious tones all night. 403 00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:58,560 At six in the morning Rudolf shot Mary and laid her out on the bed. 404 00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,800 He then turned the gun on himself and shot himself in the head, 405 00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,080 blowing off the side of his face. 406 00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:15,800 This altar stands on the side of the bedroom at the hunting lodge, 407 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:18,280 built in memory of the lovers' deaths. 408 00:28:21,280 --> 00:28:24,600 Around noon on that bleak January day, 409 00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:28,840 the Emperor and Empress were told the tragic news. 410 00:28:28,840 --> 00:28:31,560 The ruthless Habsburg instinct to survive 411 00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:33,520 quickly overcame their grief. 412 00:28:35,400 --> 00:28:38,960 The real victim of Mayerling was Mary. 413 00:28:38,960 --> 00:28:42,840 The fact that the Crown Prince had seduced and murdered 414 00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:47,320 a 17-year-old girl was literally unspeakable. 415 00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:50,360 Franz Joseph ordered it to be expunged from the record. 416 00:28:53,880 --> 00:28:59,040 In the dead of night, Mary's body was taken by coach down this road, 417 00:28:59,040 --> 00:29:02,920 fully dressed, and held upright between her two uncles. 418 00:29:04,080 --> 00:29:08,560 Just a few miles from Mayerling she was buried in a cheap wooden coffin, 419 00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:11,280 in the corner of this cemetery. 420 00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:15,360 The official version of Rudolf's death made no mention of Mary. 421 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:19,600 Instead, the postmortem stated that his death was not suicide, 422 00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:23,080 but the result of morbid nervous exhaustion. 423 00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:24,760 In spring, 1889, 424 00:29:24,760 --> 00:29:30,440 Mary was discreetly reburied in this growth by her grieving family, 425 00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:34,320 and then the whole incident was never mentioned again. 426 00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:44,680 Franz Joseph soldiered on like the military man he was, driven by duty. 427 00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:47,920 For once, Sisi rose to the occasion, 428 00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:50,160 and sustained Franz Joseph in his grief. 429 00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:53,440 In a little side chapel at Mayerling 430 00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:55,600 can be found a statue of the Madonna, 431 00:29:55,600 --> 00:30:00,920 donated by the Empress, her heart pierced by a dagger of anguish. 432 00:30:02,320 --> 00:30:06,880 This statue was to prove strangely prophetic. 433 00:30:06,880 --> 00:30:09,600 On the 10th of September 1898, 434 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,840 Empress Sisi was walking beside Lake Geneva, 435 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:17,760 when she was stabbed in the chest by an anarchist with a sharpened file. 436 00:30:17,760 --> 00:30:21,240 So sharp was it, that she didn't realised she'd been stabbed at all 437 00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:24,640 and walked on, before she collapsed and died. 438 00:30:26,080 --> 00:30:30,000 Poor Franz Joseph had lost his son and now his wife. 439 00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:41,280 By 1900, Franz Joseph was 70 years old, 440 00:30:41,280 --> 00:30:45,880 to some, he was a beacon of continuity, to others, 441 00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:48,600 the relic of an obsolescent past. 442 00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:57,080 But while the Emperor stood still, Vienna moved on. 443 00:30:57,080 --> 00:31:00,000 The influx of immigrants from around the empire, 444 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:06,280 especially Czechs and Jews, combined to create a febrile, if doom-laden, 445 00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:08,520 explosion of creativity. 446 00:31:10,600 --> 00:31:15,440 Its crowning achievement was the art and architecture of the so-called 447 00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:17,720 Secession movement. 448 00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:22,160 The Secessionists rejected Vienna's dull conservative past 449 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:26,280 and proclaimed their mission with this motto - 450 00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:29,240 "For every age its art. 451 00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:31,680 "To every art its freedom." 452 00:31:31,680 --> 00:31:33,200 And it certainly was free. 453 00:31:35,240 --> 00:31:37,800 Gustav Klimt's The Kiss 454 00:31:37,800 --> 00:31:41,000 is an uninhibited celebration of eroticism. 455 00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:47,800 Egon Schiele's The Embrace shocked stuffy Viennese. 456 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:53,160 To some, like Franz Joseph and his courtiers, 457 00:31:53,160 --> 00:31:55,240 this seemed like pornography. 458 00:31:55,240 --> 00:31:59,200 But to us this is an exciting celebration, 459 00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:02,160 the beginning of the new modern age. 460 00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:10,600 No-one so personified the creativity, the freedom, 461 00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:15,320 the permissiveness of early 1900s Vienna than the amorous life of the 462 00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:20,040 woman celebrated in this song by Tom Teacher, Alma Schindler. 463 00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:23,640 was Alma 464 00:32:23,640 --> 00:32:25,800 465 00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:29,240 on your antenna 466 00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:31,880 of her spell... 467 00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:37,040 She was herself a talented artist, and composer and musician. 468 00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:41,320 But she was also the wife, the mistress, the femme fatale, 469 00:32:41,320 --> 00:32:46,800 the temptress and the muse of five of the geniuses of this time. 470 00:32:48,440 --> 00:32:52,200 Her first kiss was with the artist Gustav Klimt. 471 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,360 She then married the composer Gustav Mahler. 472 00:32:55,360 --> 00:32:58,400 And on his death she married Walter Gropius, 473 00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:01,080 the founder of the Bauhaus movement. 474 00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:04,520 And then, lastly, came Oskar Kokoschka, the artist, 475 00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:09,800 who often put her in his paintings, and Franz Werfel, 476 00:33:09,800 --> 00:33:12,800 the novelist and author of The Song of Bernadette. 477 00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:14,680 What a roster of geniuses. 478 00:33:14,680 --> 00:33:20,000 She was truly the queen, the muse of an entire age. 479 00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:22,600 And, of course, of Vienna. 480 00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:25,320 to get Gustav and Walter 481 00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:27,280 482 00:33:27,280 --> 00:33:30,160 and Franz. 483 00:33:39,520 --> 00:33:42,280 Gustav, Walter and Franz, and many others, 484 00:33:42,280 --> 00:33:45,080 helped give birth to the Modernist movement. 485 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:49,240 Their work was not only a rejection of the past but the quest to explore 486 00:33:49,240 --> 00:33:53,080 the unconscious and to reveal the primal and sexual drives 487 00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:57,040 that another immigrant to Vienna was writing about at the time - 488 00:33:57,040 --> 00:33:58,400 Sigmund Freud. 489 00:33:59,960 --> 00:34:02,400 Freud was from a Jewish family. 490 00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:06,360 He married, he had children, and he moved here in 1891. 491 00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:08,440 After qualifying as a doctor, 492 00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:11,320 he started to treat men and women who were 493 00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:16,000 suffering from the anxiety in those days known as hysteria. 494 00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:21,840 As he did that he started to create a new way of looking at the human 495 00:34:21,840 --> 00:34:25,720 mind. He called it psychoanalysis. 496 00:34:31,160 --> 00:34:33,440 This is Dr Freud's waiting room. 497 00:34:33,440 --> 00:34:36,160 When patients went into the consulting room, 498 00:34:36,160 --> 00:34:37,520 they lay on a couch. 499 00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:41,840 He sat chain-smoking cigars and let them talk. 500 00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:48,120 He believed all human behaviour was partly founded on the subconscious, 501 00:34:48,120 --> 00:34:53,360 that reservoir of hidden instincts and memories, 502 00:34:53,360 --> 00:34:57,760 and the drive towards sexuality and death. 503 00:34:57,760 --> 00:35:01,240 These ideas would change the world 504 00:35:01,240 --> 00:35:05,320 and our very understanding of ourselves. 505 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:14,120 Freud's genius was quintessentially Viennese. 506 00:35:14,120 --> 00:35:20,160 He was inspired by its obsession with sex and death and art, 507 00:35:20,160 --> 00:35:24,440 and its combination of the stilted formality 508 00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:26,760 of the Habsburg monarchy in court, 509 00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:31,960 his own background of Jewish angst and its unique atmosphere of 510 00:35:31,960 --> 00:35:35,040 unbridled sexual libertinism. 511 00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:38,680 Vienna created Freud and his patients. 512 00:35:41,560 --> 00:35:45,600 Freud in some ways typified the hundreds of thousands of immigrants 513 00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:48,640 who arrived in Vienna in the late 19th century. 514 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:50,840 But as well as transforming the city, 515 00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:54,200 this bubbling cauldron of ethnicities also brought trouble. 516 00:35:56,560 --> 00:36:02,680 The backlash against immigrants is personified by one man, Karl Lueger, 517 00:36:02,680 --> 00:36:08,680 who was mayor of Vienna for 13 years, from 1897 to 1910. 518 00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:14,520 Lueger created not only modern ultra-German nationalism but also 519 00:36:14,520 --> 00:36:17,880 modern anti-Semitism with all its vicious tropes. 520 00:36:17,880 --> 00:36:21,760 He blamed the Jews for all the evils of modernity - 521 00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:27,840 science, liberalism, decadent art, capitalism itself. 522 00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:30,680 And all of these things, he said, 523 00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:34,080 tainted the purity of the German nation. 524 00:36:37,720 --> 00:36:40,280 Franz Joseph did not like this rabble rousing 525 00:36:40,280 --> 00:36:42,880 but, naturally, he did nothing about it. 526 00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:44,720 And for the Jews of Vienna, 527 00:36:44,720 --> 00:36:48,560 many began to feel that they could never be safe in Europe. 528 00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:55,280 Lueger unleashed some of the most evil forces that shook 529 00:36:55,280 --> 00:36:57,800 and shamed the 20th century. 530 00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:01,760 And that dark influence reached a younger generation, 531 00:37:01,760 --> 00:37:06,040 and among them was a young Austrian painter of postcards, 532 00:37:06,040 --> 00:37:11,360 then living in Vienna, who was inspired by Lueger. 533 00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:13,480 His name was Adolf Hitler. 534 00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:31,000 In 1908, the 19-year-old Adolf Hitler moved to Vienna 535 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:35,080 to pursue his dream of becoming a raffish art student 536 00:37:35,080 --> 00:37:36,480 in the city of art. 537 00:37:38,880 --> 00:37:40,680 At first he loved Vienna, 538 00:37:40,680 --> 00:37:44,480 he walked along the Ringstrasse and painted its grand buildings, 539 00:37:44,480 --> 00:37:46,040 like the Opera house, 540 00:37:46,040 --> 00:37:50,080 where he loved to listen not only to the Germanic Wagner, 541 00:37:50,080 --> 00:37:52,080 but also the Jewish Mahler. 542 00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:54,920 But above all, 543 00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:56,600 he admired the German nationalism 544 00:37:56,600 --> 00:38:01,200 and the strident anti-Semitism of the mayor, Karl Lueger. 545 00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:05,400 And he disdained the weak obsolescent figure of the Emperor, 546 00:38:05,400 --> 00:38:09,080 who he saw daily riding through the city in his carriage. 547 00:38:10,440 --> 00:38:15,960 He loathed his cosmopolitan and shambolic Habsburg Empire. 548 00:38:15,960 --> 00:38:19,640 Now he was rejected, first by the artists' school, 549 00:38:19,640 --> 00:38:22,120 and then by the architects' school. 550 00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:25,600 He became bitter, and his money began to run out. 551 00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:39,000 Hitler was reduced to living at this homeless men's shelter. 552 00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:40,640 And he spent three years here, 553 00:38:40,640 --> 00:38:43,160 which he remembered as the saddest 554 00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:45,880 and most humiliating time of his life. 555 00:38:45,880 --> 00:38:51,440 But he spent many hours studying and reading in its library and, despite 556 00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:53,480 the fact that many of his friends 557 00:38:53,480 --> 00:38:57,160 and the art dealers who bought his postcards were Jewish, 558 00:38:57,160 --> 00:39:01,000 he began to ask himself, why was it that he, 559 00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:04,560 as a young German artist in a great German city, 560 00:39:04,560 --> 00:39:09,320 had failed so miserably, while so many Jews and Czechs 561 00:39:09,320 --> 00:39:14,760 and Slavs and their filthy decadent art were thriving? 562 00:39:14,760 --> 00:39:20,680 It took the trauma of World War I to make Hitler into Hitler, 563 00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:22,520 but he never forgave Vienna. 564 00:39:27,640 --> 00:39:30,600 Adolf Hitler wasn't the only future dictator 565 00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:32,720 who stalked Vienna's streets. 566 00:39:38,560 --> 00:39:41,720 While Hitler was in Vienna, a 30-something 567 00:39:41,720 --> 00:39:47,080 Revolutionary Communist arrived from the Russian Empire to study here. 568 00:39:48,240 --> 00:39:51,800 He was Georgian, his name was Joseph Jughashvili. 569 00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:55,520 His friends called him Koba, and while he was here in Vienna, 570 00:39:55,520 --> 00:39:59,680 he adopted a new name, Man of Steel. 571 00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:00,680 Stalin. 572 00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:05,320 Stalin's factional leader, Vladimir Lenin, 573 00:40:05,320 --> 00:40:09,640 had sent him to Vienna to study the big question here, 574 00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:12,320 the issue of nationalities. 575 00:40:12,320 --> 00:40:15,720 And he arranged for him to stay right here 576 00:40:15,720 --> 00:40:18,880 with some noble friends of Lenin's. 577 00:40:18,880 --> 00:40:22,440 "They're rich people," said Lenin. "That's good." 578 00:40:22,440 --> 00:40:27,560 When Stalin had written his article Marxism And The National Question, 579 00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:32,000 it helped him design the structure of the multinational Soviet Union. 580 00:40:41,960 --> 00:40:44,920 Stalin's apartment was right round the corner 581 00:40:44,920 --> 00:40:46,720 from the Schonbrunn Palace, 582 00:40:46,720 --> 00:40:49,680 and every day, in between working on his new article, 583 00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:52,520 and flirting with pretty young revolutionaries, 584 00:40:52,520 --> 00:40:55,240 he would come and walk around these gardens. 585 00:40:55,240 --> 00:41:00,280 Each day, both Hitler and Stalin would see Franz Joseph the Emperor 586 00:41:00,280 --> 00:41:04,440 driving his carriage from his home here at Schonbrunn to his office in 587 00:41:04,440 --> 00:41:08,480 the Hofburg. Both were fascinated by Habsburg history, 588 00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:11,560 both disdained its obsolescence. 589 00:41:11,560 --> 00:41:16,920 Sadly for Europe, they were the future, Hitler and Stalin, and, 590 00:41:16,920 --> 00:41:20,240 30 years later, both would take Vienna, 591 00:41:20,240 --> 00:41:24,480 and together they would fight the most savage conflict 592 00:41:24,480 --> 00:41:26,560 in all of human history. 593 00:41:31,080 --> 00:41:34,240 1908, the year Hitler moved to Vienna, 594 00:41:34,240 --> 00:41:36,880 was the Diamond Jubilee year. 595 00:41:36,880 --> 00:41:40,440 Franz Joseph had ruled for 60 long years. 596 00:41:42,160 --> 00:41:46,320 Emperor Franz Joseph just lived on and on and on, 597 00:41:46,320 --> 00:41:49,000 but the impatient heir to the throne 598 00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:51,840 was the Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand, 599 00:41:51,840 --> 00:41:54,840 who lived here at the Belvedere Palace, 600 00:41:54,840 --> 00:41:58,400 where he set up a sort of shadow government in waiting. 601 00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:01,800 His relations with Franz Joseph were frosty, 602 00:42:01,800 --> 00:42:06,280 because he'd married a commoner, Sophie Chotek, for love, 603 00:42:06,280 --> 00:42:09,640 and the Emperor refused to give her the title archduchess 604 00:42:09,640 --> 00:42:13,000 or to let their children succeed to the throne. 605 00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:17,440 Yet Franz Ferdinand was intelligent and imaginative. 606 00:42:17,440 --> 00:42:22,080 Instead of fighting wars against the Slavs, the Russians or the Serbs, 607 00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:26,320 he wanted to set up a Slavic kingdom within the monarchy, 608 00:42:26,320 --> 00:42:29,160 a sort of United States of Austria. 609 00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:34,320 But while Franz Ferdinand dreamed of reforming the monarchy, 610 00:42:34,320 --> 00:42:38,440 the little kingdom of Serbia had big ideas of its own. 611 00:42:38,440 --> 00:42:42,200 Its government was infiltrated by a secret organisation of 612 00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:45,680 ultranationalists called the Black Hand, 613 00:42:45,680 --> 00:42:51,000 hell-bent on creating a greater Serbia through war with Austria. 614 00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:52,920 In the summer of 1914, 615 00:42:52,920 --> 00:42:56,440 the Black Hand dispatched a cell of nationalist 616 00:42:56,440 --> 00:42:59,600 teenaged terrorists into the province of Bosnia, 617 00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:02,600 which had recently been annexed by the Habsburgs. 618 00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:07,800 They had a mission and a target in the capital, Sarajevo. 619 00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:11,680 On the 28th of June, Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, 620 00:43:11,680 --> 00:43:14,200 arrived in the city for an official visit. 621 00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:16,360 Despite warnings of terrorism, 622 00:43:16,360 --> 00:43:20,120 the Archduke insisted on riding in an open topped car 623 00:43:20,120 --> 00:43:23,880 so he could wave to the crowds that lined the streets. 624 00:43:23,880 --> 00:43:27,000 The car is on display at Vienna's military museum, 625 00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:30,320 and I'm here to talk to its director, Doctor Christian Ortner, 626 00:43:30,320 --> 00:43:32,800 about what happened on that fateful day. 627 00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:37,680 From the train station they took a car, they were driving in a convoy, 628 00:43:37,680 --> 00:43:40,360 and heading to the town hall of Sarajevo. 629 00:43:40,360 --> 00:43:44,200 And on their way somebody tried to kill them with a hand grenade. 630 00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:48,120 But the hand grenade did not hit the original car we can see here, 631 00:43:48,120 --> 00:43:49,800 but it hit the next car. 632 00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:56,880 After the failed bomb attack, the Archduke's driver took a wrong turn 633 00:43:56,880 --> 00:43:58,560 and stalled the engine, 634 00:43:58,560 --> 00:44:02,320 at the very spot where another Black Hand assassin, 635 00:44:02,320 --> 00:44:05,800 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip, was waiting. 636 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:08,320 He fired two shots. 637 00:44:09,440 --> 00:44:13,560 The first shot, we can see it here, directly hit Sophie and she became 638 00:44:13,560 --> 00:44:15,240 unconscious immediately. 639 00:44:15,240 --> 00:44:20,240 And by falling down, she gave clear way to the throat of Franz Ferdinand 640 00:44:20,240 --> 00:44:23,600 and Gavrilo Princip shot his second shot. 641 00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:28,000 The second shot hit the Crown Prince here in the artery. 642 00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:30,160 The car was heading immediately to the palace 643 00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:32,280 because they knew there was a doctor 644 00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:35,160 and Franz Ferdinand's uniform was very, very tight 645 00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:37,400 so the blood did not go out like this, 646 00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:39,480 it went down to the stomach area. 647 00:44:39,480 --> 00:44:42,760 And the doctor cut off the uniform in the wrong place. 648 00:44:42,760 --> 00:44:45,680 And exactly at this time the Duchess was already dead, 649 00:44:45,680 --> 00:44:50,560 she died of internal bleedings, and Franz Ferdinand exactly died by 650 00:44:50,560 --> 00:44:52,280 drowning by his own blood. 651 00:44:59,320 --> 00:45:02,360 The moment the news of the murder reached Vienna, 652 00:45:02,360 --> 00:45:04,120 the Austrian leadership, 653 00:45:04,120 --> 00:45:08,080 particularly the war-crazed, trigger-happy chief of staff, 654 00:45:08,080 --> 00:45:11,680 were convinced the Serbian government was behind it 655 00:45:11,680 --> 00:45:14,760 and that Serbia must be crushed by war. 656 00:45:14,760 --> 00:45:18,680 And it was decided to send an extremely harsh ultimatum 657 00:45:18,680 --> 00:45:20,800 that would provide a pretext. 658 00:45:23,520 --> 00:45:26,040 After Germany agreed to give Franz Joseph 659 00:45:26,040 --> 00:45:29,680 their unquestioning support, Austria could do what it liked. 660 00:45:29,680 --> 00:45:33,440 And this was an extremely reckless move, 661 00:45:33,440 --> 00:45:37,480 because Serbia was allied to Russia, and Russia was allied to France, 662 00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:39,120 and France to Britain. 663 00:45:40,880 --> 00:45:44,440 After Serbia's reply to the ultimatum was of course deemed 664 00:45:44,440 --> 00:45:49,640 unsatisfactory, Austria drafted this telegram. 665 00:45:49,640 --> 00:45:52,680 "The Royal Serbian government, not having answered 666 00:45:52,680 --> 00:45:57,440 "in a satisfactory manner the note of July 23rd 1914..." 667 00:45:57,440 --> 00:46:01,800 "..considers herself henceforward in a state of war with Serbia." 668 00:46:04,760 --> 00:46:10,480 Now, this had no legal power without the signature of one little old man, 669 00:46:10,480 --> 00:46:15,720 and there it is, a little spidery signature of a man of 84, 670 00:46:15,720 --> 00:46:18,680 is the signature that launched the First World War, 671 00:46:18,680 --> 00:46:21,680 in which something like 20 million people perished. 672 00:46:30,040 --> 00:46:31,760 At the start of the Great War, 673 00:46:31,760 --> 00:46:34,960 the daily commute to the Hofburg proved too much, 674 00:46:34,960 --> 00:46:36,880 particularly during the winter, 675 00:46:36,880 --> 00:46:39,800 so the old Emperor decided to work from here, 676 00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:42,200 at the Schonbrunn Palace instead. 677 00:46:44,960 --> 00:46:48,840 In the winter of 1916, the old Emperor started to fail. 678 00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:52,400 He was now 86, and yet he still got up every day 679 00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:55,840 and went the small distance to his desk to work. 680 00:46:55,840 --> 00:46:58,960 On the 20th of November, he started to get worse. 681 00:46:58,960 --> 00:47:01,880 He went to bed and said his prayers 682 00:47:01,880 --> 00:47:06,960 and insisted on being awoken at 3.30am to start work again. 683 00:47:06,960 --> 00:47:09,480 There was plenty to be done, he said. 684 00:47:09,480 --> 00:47:12,960 In the early hours, Franz Joseph died. 685 00:47:18,920 --> 00:47:21,640 As Franz Joseph's body was laid to rest, 686 00:47:21,640 --> 00:47:25,480 millions of Austrian soldiers were being slaughtered by the Russians 687 00:47:25,480 --> 00:47:26,760 on the Eastern front. 688 00:47:28,120 --> 00:47:31,680 Among the funeral entourage walked the next Emperor, 689 00:47:31,680 --> 00:47:35,720 Franz Joseph's great-nephew, Karl, or Charles. 690 00:47:35,720 --> 00:47:38,440 He came to power at the moment of crisis. 691 00:47:38,440 --> 00:47:42,480 Austria was losing control of the war it had started. 692 00:47:42,480 --> 00:47:44,720 Karl attempted to broker peace 693 00:47:44,720 --> 00:47:47,680 but ended up alienating his German allies. 694 00:47:49,360 --> 00:47:53,080 While the Emperor and his wife sat out the rest of the war redecorating 695 00:47:53,080 --> 00:47:55,480 Schonbrunn Palace, the liberals, 696 00:47:55,480 --> 00:47:58,880 socialists and nationalists planned revolution. 697 00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:03,840 When the Germans collapsed in November 1918, 698 00:48:03,840 --> 00:48:06,440 the Habsburg monarchy went down with them. 699 00:48:06,440 --> 00:48:09,040 Karl and his family were driven out of Vienna. 700 00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:12,920 In exile in Switzerland, 701 00:48:12,920 --> 00:48:16,960 Karl plotted his return until his early death in 1922. 702 00:48:20,400 --> 00:48:21,960 In the Treaty of Versailles, 703 00:48:21,960 --> 00:48:26,840 the victorious Western Allies carved up the Austro-Hungarian Empire into 704 00:48:26,840 --> 00:48:29,720 five new independent countries. 705 00:48:29,720 --> 00:48:32,120 Vienna became the monumental 706 00:48:32,120 --> 00:48:33,880 and palatial capital 707 00:48:33,880 --> 00:48:36,880 of a tiny republic named Austria. 708 00:48:38,680 --> 00:48:42,960 German pride had been deeply dented by the defeat in the Great War, 709 00:48:42,960 --> 00:48:46,000 but from the ashes, a new leader emerged, 710 00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:49,400 promising to make the German people great once again. 711 00:48:51,320 --> 00:48:55,960 Adolf Hitler rose to power at least partly fuelled by his experiences of 712 00:48:55,960 --> 00:48:59,000 Vienna and the ideology of Karl Lueger, 713 00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:02,240 but also by shameless pseudo-history, 714 00:49:02,240 --> 00:49:06,840 vicious anti-Semitism and intolerant ultra-nationalism, that, 715 00:49:06,840 --> 00:49:11,440 together with violence and thuggery, formed his own brand of fascism. 716 00:49:14,120 --> 00:49:18,800 Prince Metternich had directed the affairs of Europe from this office. 717 00:49:18,800 --> 00:49:24,000 But now in the 1930s, the Austrian Chancellor ran a tiny insignificant 718 00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:27,720 country with a terrifying threat to the north-west. 719 00:49:27,720 --> 00:49:33,560 In 1933, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis had come to power in Germany 720 00:49:33,560 --> 00:49:36,560 and from the very beginning of his career, Hitler, 721 00:49:36,560 --> 00:49:39,840 who had spent so much time in Vienna and was Austrian, 722 00:49:39,840 --> 00:49:44,920 had insisted that Germany must swallow Austria. 723 00:49:44,920 --> 00:49:48,360 And if the Austrian Chancellors wouldn't give it to him, 724 00:49:48,360 --> 00:49:49,800 then he would take it. 725 00:49:52,440 --> 00:49:56,280 The Chancellor was an authoritarian Catholic Conservative 726 00:49:56,280 --> 00:49:58,640 named Doctor Kurt von Schuschnigg. 727 00:49:59,800 --> 00:50:02,400 On the 12th of February 1938, 728 00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:07,400 Schuschnigg arrived at Hitler's mountain lair in Bavaria. 729 00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:12,960 For five hours he received a spittle-flecked tirade from Hitler, 730 00:50:12,960 --> 00:50:16,760 demanding that he undermined Austrian independence. 731 00:50:16,760 --> 00:50:18,840 Schuschnigg tried to resist. 732 00:50:18,840 --> 00:50:20,280 Hitler threatened him, 733 00:50:20,280 --> 00:50:23,960 "Don't you realise that in half an hour I could blow your defences to 734 00:50:23,960 --> 00:50:28,800 "smithereens, there'd be blood and that would be on your shoulders?" 735 00:50:28,800 --> 00:50:31,560 Schuschnigg almost wept. 736 00:50:31,560 --> 00:50:34,920 By the time he returned to the chancellery here, 737 00:50:34,920 --> 00:50:39,600 he was a broken man and, in effect, Austria was doomed. 738 00:50:44,760 --> 00:50:49,080 In a final act of desperation, on the 9th of March 1938, 739 00:50:49,080 --> 00:50:53,600 Schuschnigg announced a referendum to let the Austrian people decide 740 00:50:53,600 --> 00:50:56,040 if they wanted to be a part of Hitler's Germany. 741 00:50:57,520 --> 00:50:59,040 Hitler was incensed. 742 00:50:59,040 --> 00:51:00,920 If the Austrians voted no, 743 00:51:00,920 --> 00:51:04,320 his justification for invasion would be blown apart. 744 00:51:06,640 --> 00:51:09,160 On the 12th of March 1938, 745 00:51:09,160 --> 00:51:12,320 he ordered German troops to cross the border into Austria. 746 00:51:13,720 --> 00:51:17,440 This was frightening news for the Jews of Vienna. 747 00:51:17,440 --> 00:51:22,200 Their leading family was the banking dynasty the Rothschilds, 748 00:51:22,200 --> 00:51:25,280 who had been made barons of the Austrian Empire 749 00:51:25,280 --> 00:51:26,880 as long ago as the 1820s. 750 00:51:28,320 --> 00:51:30,920 This is one of their many palaces in the city, 751 00:51:30,920 --> 00:51:33,040 now it's the Brazilian embassy. 752 00:51:34,240 --> 00:51:37,400 They felt they were Viennese, they felt they belonged, 753 00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:40,560 and now they were about to discover that they didn't. 754 00:51:46,440 --> 00:51:49,800 One of the Austrian Rothschilds was a relative of mine. 755 00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:55,120 Clarice Sebag-Montefiore was married to Baron Alphonse de Rothschild. 756 00:51:55,120 --> 00:51:58,200 And, as the German troops crossed the borders, 757 00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:00,800 they learned from a friend in the government 758 00:52:00,800 --> 00:52:05,880 that the Nazis had collected a list of eminent Jews to be arrested. 759 00:52:05,880 --> 00:52:10,800 Quickly, they piled their belongings into a fleet of cars and escaped 760 00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:13,800 across the border. They weren't the only ones. 761 00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:17,120 Sigmund Freud also got out of Vienna. 762 00:52:17,120 --> 00:52:20,920 He wrote in his diary, "Austria is finished." 763 00:52:20,920 --> 00:52:25,920 And he was right, this was the death of cosmopolitan Vienna. 764 00:52:39,440 --> 00:52:41,880 Three days after entering the country, 765 00:52:41,880 --> 00:52:47,880 Adolf Hitler drove to the seat of Habsburg power, the Neue Hofburg. 766 00:52:47,880 --> 00:52:49,760 Received by delirious crowds, 767 00:52:49,760 --> 00:52:53,280 he addressed the Viennese from the balcony. 768 00:52:53,280 --> 00:52:55,880 IN GERMAN: 769 00:53:06,880 --> 00:53:08,800 CHEERING 770 00:53:12,600 --> 00:53:18,160 As the Nazis terrorised Vienna's Jews, the better off tried to leave. 771 00:53:18,160 --> 00:53:20,880 But it would cost them everything they had. 772 00:53:20,880 --> 00:53:25,440 Hitler sent down to Vienna his SS Jewish expert, 773 00:53:25,440 --> 00:53:28,200 his name was Adolf Eichmann, 774 00:53:28,200 --> 00:53:32,840 and he came to extort the wealth of departing Jews. 775 00:53:32,840 --> 00:53:35,480 Perversely, he set up his headquarters 776 00:53:35,480 --> 00:53:38,880 in the biggest of the Rothschild palaces in the city. 777 00:53:39,920 --> 00:53:43,520 But he didn't stay long in Vienna. 778 00:53:43,520 --> 00:53:47,400 He was recalled when World War II began to Berlin, 779 00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:51,480 to mastermind a much bigger operation - 780 00:53:51,480 --> 00:53:55,560 the extermination of the Jews of Europe. 781 00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:17,000 Starting in 1941, the Jews of Vienna were deported to the ghettos 782 00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:20,800 and death camps set up by the Nazis in the East. 783 00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:26,400 Around 65,000 of them were murdered. 784 00:54:26,400 --> 00:54:31,680 And their fates are marked by these plaques around the city. 785 00:54:31,680 --> 00:54:36,760 And it just seems amazing that this terrible thing ever happened in the 786 00:54:36,760 --> 00:54:38,960 most civilised city in Europe. 787 00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:51,560 1945, the Allies were pushing the Nazis back 788 00:54:51,560 --> 00:54:54,920 on the western and eastern fronts. 789 00:54:54,920 --> 00:54:57,840 Stalin's Russia had seen the harshest fighting 790 00:54:57,840 --> 00:54:59,880 and now they marched on Vienna. 791 00:55:01,160 --> 00:55:05,320 The street fighting for Vienna was ferocious. 792 00:55:05,320 --> 00:55:07,280 The climax of the battle for the city 793 00:55:07,280 --> 00:55:09,080 was the storming of the Hofburg. 794 00:55:10,960 --> 00:55:16,040 Joseph Stalin first came to Vienna as a penniless revolutionary. 795 00:55:16,040 --> 00:55:20,880 Now he was the most powerful man in the world, the supreme warlord, 796 00:55:20,880 --> 00:55:24,120 who liberated the city in April 1945. 797 00:55:25,320 --> 00:55:28,600 This monument is dedicated to the Unknown Soldier. 798 00:55:28,600 --> 00:55:32,800 It congratulates the Soviet Army for the liberation of Vienna 799 00:55:32,800 --> 00:55:36,720 and it's signed by their triumphant dictator, Stalin. 800 00:55:37,880 --> 00:55:40,840 Stalin was familiar with many of the city's treasures 801 00:55:40,840 --> 00:55:44,320 and now he set about looting Vienna for war reparations. 802 00:55:45,480 --> 00:55:50,880 Its once cosmopolitan culture was pillaged and devastated. 803 00:55:50,880 --> 00:55:54,440 But within weeks, the French, Americans and British arrived 804 00:55:54,440 --> 00:55:57,240 and placed Vienna under four-power control. 805 00:56:04,080 --> 00:56:05,400 After the war, 806 00:56:05,400 --> 00:56:08,480 Stalin wanted to grab as much of Eastern Europe as he could. 807 00:56:08,480 --> 00:56:11,840 An empire bigger than the Tsars had ever dreamed of. 808 00:56:12,800 --> 00:56:14,480 He partitioned Germany, 809 00:56:14,480 --> 00:56:18,000 but that was because Germany had been a threat in two world wars. 810 00:56:19,320 --> 00:56:22,200 Provided Austria was separate from Germany, 811 00:56:22,200 --> 00:56:24,640 he was happy to let Vienna go. 812 00:56:24,640 --> 00:56:26,920 He didn't try and keep it. 813 00:56:26,920 --> 00:56:29,600 Even though he'd been here as a young revolutionary, 814 00:56:29,600 --> 00:56:31,040 it meant nothing to him. 815 00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:42,280 In 1955, two years after Stalin's death, 816 00:56:42,280 --> 00:56:45,840 the four powers agreed to finally withdraw from Austria. 817 00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:51,680 The Austrian State Treaty was signed at the Belvedere Palace, 818 00:56:51,680 --> 00:56:54,960 once the home of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 819 00:56:54,960 --> 00:56:58,560 and announced to cheering crowds from this balcony. 820 00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:08,080 After centuries of Habsburg absolutism, 821 00:57:08,080 --> 00:57:10,840 seven years of Hitler's dictatorship, 822 00:57:10,840 --> 00:57:12,840 ten years of Allied rule, 823 00:57:12,840 --> 00:57:16,480 Austria became an independent democratic republic 824 00:57:16,480 --> 00:57:19,680 and, for decades, a member of the European Community. 825 00:57:20,960 --> 00:57:24,560 But the family who ruled Austria for almost a millennia 826 00:57:24,560 --> 00:57:27,240 remained politically active. 827 00:57:27,240 --> 00:57:28,440 Otto Habsburg, 828 00:57:28,440 --> 00:57:30,760 the boy who walked beside the last 829 00:57:30,760 --> 00:57:33,320 Emperor at Franz Joseph's funeral, 830 00:57:33,320 --> 00:57:36,560 became a European MP. 831 00:57:36,560 --> 00:57:39,000 The Habsburgs, through the Holy Roman Empire 832 00:57:39,000 --> 00:57:40,480 and then their monarchy, 833 00:57:40,480 --> 00:57:44,120 had struggled and failed to rule a multinational state. 834 00:57:45,320 --> 00:57:49,360 Today, the European Community shares some of those aspirations. 835 00:57:51,200 --> 00:57:54,920 But the Habsburgs' real legacy was their capital. 836 00:57:54,920 --> 00:57:57,840 Vienna helped give birth to the modern age, 837 00:57:57,840 --> 00:58:01,440 but also became the laboratory of its destruction. 838 00:58:03,080 --> 00:58:07,920 Today, Vienna is the magnificent capital of a small country. 839 00:58:09,320 --> 00:58:11,440 Imperial city no more, 840 00:58:11,440 --> 00:58:16,600 it will always be the capital of the Empire of the mind. 841 00:58:22,920 --> 00:58:27,800 What happened to Austria's Imperial city next? 842 00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:33,840 Find out more about the life, times and language of Vienna 843 00:58:33,840 --> 00:58:38,120 by heading to... 844 00:58:40,280 --> 00:58:41,720 ..and follow the links 845 00:58:41,720 --> 00:58:43,480 to the Open University.